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Journal of Heavy Metal Research
Quarterly Publication

Beyond soil contamination: Lead occurrence in playground paints of public parks in Bolivia

https://doi.org/10.22034/jhmr.2026.580832.1012
Volume 1, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
Spring 2026
Pages 43-53
Journal of Heavy Metal Research

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Pedro Antonio Fernández 1
Ana Patricia Pérez 2
Laura Elena Flores 1

1 Centro de Ecología y Pueblos Andinos (CEPA), Oruro, Bolivia

2 Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS), Cochabamba, Bolivia

Abstract
Lead (Pb) remains a persistent environmental contaminant and a significant public health concern, particularly for children who are more vulnerable to its neurotoxic effects. While contaminated soils and industrial emissions are recognized exposure pathways, the contribution of lead-containing paints on playground structures in public recreational areas has been less frequently investigated. This study assessed Pb concentrations in paints applied to playground equipment and other painted structures in public parks and plazas of the city of Torreón, Bolivia, and evaluated their relationship with Pb levels in nearby surface soils. Between July 2022 and February 2023, thirteen public recreational sites were examined. Lead concentrations in painted surfaces were measured using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer, while composite surface soil samples were collected and analyzed to determine Pb content. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guideline of 1 mg/cm² was used as the reference threshold for Pb in painted surfaces. Pb concentrations exceeding this limit were detected in 36% of the analyzed paint measurements and were identified across multiple structural elements and paint colors. In contrast, most soil samples showed Pb concentrations below the remediation guideline of 400 ppm. A significant negative correlation was observed between soil Pb concentrations and distance from the smelting facility, suggesting the influence of historical industrial emissions. However, no statistically significant association was found between Pb concentrations in playground paints and those measured in surrounding soils. These findings indicate that lead-containing paints in public recreational spaces may represent an additional exposure pathway for children and underscore the importance of strengthening regulatory oversight and routine monitoring of Pb in public infrastructure.

Keywords

Playground
Lead
Poisoning
Pollution
Environment
Subjects
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  • Receive Date 08 May 2026
  • Revise Date 21 May 2026
  • Accept Date 08 June 2026
  • Publish Date 09 June 2026

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